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Otto von Bismarck: 'We are perhaps too educated to put up with a constitution', Blood and Iron speech - 1862

September 11, 2015

30 September, 1862, Landtag (legislature), Prussia

He would like to go into the budget for 1862, though without making a prejudicial statement. An abuse of constitutional rights could be undertaken by any side; this would then lead to a reaction from the other side.

The Crown for example could dissolve parliament twelve times in a row, that would certainly be permitted according to the letter of the constitution, but it would be an abuse.

It could just as easily reject cuts in the budget, immoderately. It would be hard to tell where to draw the line there. Would it be at 6 million? At 16? Or at 60?

There are members of the National Association [Nationalverein] of this association that has achieved a reputation owing to the justness of its demands, highly esteemed members who have stated that all standing armies are superfluous. Well, what if a public assembly had this view! Would not a government have to reject this?

There was talk about the sobriety of the Prussian people. Yes, the great independence of the individual makes it difficult in Prussia to govern with the constitution or to consolidate the constitution.

In France things are different, there this individual independence is lacking. A constitutional crisis would not be disgraceful, but honorable instead.

Furthermore, we are perhaps too well-educated to support a constitution. We are too critical. The ability to assess government measures and records of the public assembly is too common. In the country there are a lot of catiline [conspiratorial] characters who have a great interest in upheavals. This may sound paradoxical, but everything proves how hard constitutional life is in Prussia.

Furthermore, one is too sensitive about the government's mistakes, as if it were enough to say this and that cabinet minister made mistakes, as if one wasn't adversely affected oneself. Public opinion changes, the press is not the same as public opinion. One knows how the press is written.

Members of parliament have a higher duty, to lead opinion, to stand above it. We are too hot-blooded. We have a preference for putting on armor that is too big for our small body. And now we're actually supposed to utilize it.

Germany is not looking to Prussia's liberalism, but to its power. Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden may indulge liberalism, and yet no one will assign them Prussia's role.

Prussia has to coalesce and concentrate its power for the opportune moment, which has already been missed several times. Prussia's borders according to the Vienna Treaties of 1814-15 are not favorable for a healthy, vital state.

It is not by speeches and majority resolutions that the great questions of the time are decided – that was the big mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by iron and blood.

Last year's appropriation has been carried out, for whatever reasons, it is a matter of indifference, he [Bismarck himself] is sincerely seeking the path of agreement whether he finds it does not depend on him alone.

It would have been better if one had not made a fait accompli on the part of the Chamber of Deputies. If no budget comes about, then there is a tabula rasa. The constitution offers no way out, for then it is one interpretation against another interpretation. Summum ius, summa iniuria [Cicero: The highest law can be the greatest injustice]; the letter killeth.

He is pleased that the speaker's remark about the possibility of another resolution of the House on account of a possible bill allows for the prospect of agreement. He, too, is looking for this bridge. When it might be found is uncertain.

Bringing about a budget this year is hardly possible given the time. We are in exceptional circumstances. The principle of promptly presenting the budget is also recognized by the government, but it is said that this was already promised and not kept. And now it's "You can certainly trust us as honest people."

He does not agree with the interpellation that it is unconstitutional to make expenditures whose authorization had been refused. For every interpretation, it is necessary to agree on the three factors.

In German

Er wolle gern auf den Etat für 1862 eingehen, ohne jedoch eine präjudizierliche Erklärung abzugeben. Ein Mißbrauch von Verfassungsrechten könne von allen Seiten getrieben werden.
Das führe dann zur Gegenwirkung von der anderen Seite. Die Krone z. B. könne zwölfmal hintereinander auflösen, das sei gewiß nach dem Buchstaben der Verfassung erlaubt, würde aber doch Mißbrauch sein.
Ebenso könne sie Streichungen des Budgets zurückweisen, ohne Maß; da sei die Grenze schwer zu ziehen; sei sie schon bei 6 Millionen? bei 16? oder bei 60?
Es gebe Mitglieder des Nationalvereins, eines wegen der Gerechtigkeit seiner Forderungen zu Ansehen gelangten Vereins – hochachtbare Mitglieder, die alle stehenden Heere für überflüssig erklärten. Ja, wenn nun eine Volksvertretung diese Ansicht hätte! Müsse nicht eine Regierung das zurückweisen?
Von der "Nüchternheit" des preußischen Volkes sei die Rede gewesen. Ja, die große Selbständigkeit des einzelnen mache es schwierig in Preußen, mit der Verfassung zu regieren (oder die Verfassung zu konsolidieren?).
In Frankreich sei das anders, da fehle diese individuelle Selbständigkeit. Eine Verfassungskrisis sei keine Schande, sondern eine Ehre.
Wir sind ferner vielleicht zu "gebildet" um eine Verfassung zu tragen; wir sind zu kritisch; die Befähigung, Regierungsmaßregeln, Akte der Volksvertretung zu beurteilen, ist zu allgemein; im Lande gibt es eine Menge katilinarischer Existenzen, die ein großes Interesse an Umwälzungen haben. Das mag paradox klingen, beweist aber doch alles, wie schwer in Preußen verfassungsmäßiges Leben ist.
Man ist ferner zu empfindlich gegen Fehler der Regierung; als wenn es genug wäre, zu sagen, der und der Minister hat Fehler gemacht, als wenn man nicht selbst mitlitte? – Die öffentliche Meinung wechsle, die Presse sei nicht die öffentliche Meinung; man wisse, wie die Presse entstände.
Die Abgeordneten hätten die höhere Aufgabe, die Stimmung zu leiten, über ihr zu stehen. Wir haben zu heißes Blut, wir haben die Vorliebe, eine zu große Rüstung für unsern schmalen Leib zu tragen; nur sollen wir sie auch utilisieren.
Nicht auf Preußens Liberalismus sieht Deutschland, sondern auf seine Macht; Bayern, Württemberg, Baden mögen dem Liberalismus indulgieren, darum wird ihnen doch keiner Preußens Rolle anweisen.
Preußen muß seine Kraft zusammenfassen und zusammenhalten auf den günstigen Augenblick, der schon einige Male verpaßt ist; Preußens Grenzen nach den Wiener Verträgen sind zu einem gesunden Staatsleben nicht günstig; nicht durch Reden und Majoritätsbeschlüsse werden die großen Fragen der Zeit entschieden – das ist der große Fehler von 1848 und 1849 gewesen – sondern durch Eisen und Blut.
Die vorjährige Bewilligung sei erfolgt; aus welchen Gründen, sei gleichgültig; er suche aufrichtig den Weg der Verständigung: ob er ihn finde, hänge nicht allein von ihm ab.
Man hätte lieber kein fait accompli machen sollen seitens des Abgeordnetenhauses. Wenn kein Budget zustande komme, dann sei tabula rasa; die Verfassung biete keinen Ausweg, denn da stehe Interpretation gegen Interpretation; summum ius, summa iniuria; der Buchstabe tötet.
Er freue sich, daß die Außerung des Referenten, wegen Möglichkeit eines anderen Beschlusses des Hauses infolge einer etwaigen Gesetzesvorlage, die Aussicht auf Verständigung lasse; er suche diese Brücke auch; wann sie gefunden werde, stehe dahin.
Das Zustandekommen eines Budgets in diesem Jahre sei der Zeit nach kaum möglich; wir seien ja in exzeptionellen Zuständen; das Prinzip der schleunigen Vorlegung des Budgets sei ja auch von der Regierung anerkannt; aber man sage, das sei schon oft versprochen und nicht gehalten; nun "Sie können doch uns als ehrlichen Leuten trauen."
Die Interpellation, es sei verfassungswidrig, verweigerte Ausgaben zu machen, teile er nicht; zu jeder Interpretation sei Übereinstimmung der drei Faktoren nötig.

Source: http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topi...

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In Pre 1900 2 Tags OTTO VON BISMARCK, GERMANY, WAR, PRUSSIA, FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, TRANSCRIPT
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